Ethers and epoxides khan academy

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Synthesis of alcohols In this tutorial, Jay shows how to synthesize alcohols using sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and grignard reagents. Reactions of alcohols In this tutorial, Jay assigns oxidation states to alcohols, shows an oxidation mechanism using the Jones reagent, shows the formation of nitrate esters from alcohols, and demonstrates how to make alkyl halides from alcohols.

Biochemical redox reactions are also discussed. Nomenclature and properties of ethers In this tutorial, Sal and Jay name ethers and discuss the physical properties of ethers. Synthesis and cleavage of ethers In this tutorial, Jay shows how to synthesize ethers using the Williamson ether synthesis and how to cleave an ether linkage using acid.

Nomenclature and preparation of epoxides In this tutorial, Sal and Jay name epoxides. Jay also shows the preparation of epoxides and includes the stereochemistry of the reaction. So if this was just a carbon chain, we would call this butane. If we only looked at this carbon chain right here, you would call this butane. But obviously this isn't butane. We have this oxygen that's bonding to the 1 and 4 carbons of the butane.

To make that clear, we call this-- Let me color code this part right here, this oxygen right there. It's bonded to the 1 and the 4 carbon. So we call this 1 comma 4. And this is our new word that we're going to learn in this video. And it doesn't just apply when the ether forms a large ring. It can actually form a little subset ring on a regular chain. So you could imagine something like this. Let me draw a chain of carbons. Let's say we have five carbons. Let's say that between this carbon and this carbon, instead of having a double bond, this carbon actually bonds to an oxygen, which then bonds to this carbon over here.

Obviously, every carbon has four bonds, the ones that we're not drawing, those are hydrogens. How do we name this? Well, same exact process. We actually start numbering the chain closer to where the oxygen is bonded. So we start numbering at this end over here. So this is pentane. The oxygen is bonded to the 1 and the 2 carbons. So we call this 1,2-epoxypentane. Now, in the last video, I told you that, in general, ethers are fairly nonreactive. They actually make for good solvents.

But, what I've just drawn here is a special case of ethers called epoxides. When you just have this three atom chain right here, where it's two carbons and an oxygen. This is a special case of an ether called an epoxide. This is called an epoxide. And this, unlike most ethers, is very reactive. Another way you could think about it, it's very unstable. This is very reactive. Sometimes people consider these separate from ethers. The reason why they're very reactive, is this three member ring right here.

There's a lot of strain on these bonds. These electrons, these bonds don't like to be that close to each other. If you actually tried to make it with an actual model set with molecules, you would have trouble making it bend enough to actually make this bond. So this is highly, highly, highly unstable. There's actually an alternate way to name epoxides.

The alternate way, so this is a completely legitimate way. You could name it just like an ether with a ring. This is 1,2-epoxypentane. But the alternate way is to pretend like you had a double bond here. That instead of this oxygen here, you had a double bond. If you had a double bond here, this thing would be called, depending how you want to name it, it could be called 1-pentene.

That's if there was not this oxygen here, but if there was a double bond here. This is the 1 carbon. So, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This is what 1-petene looks like. We've learned that many, many, many videos ago. Sometimes it's called pentene, depending on which convention. This is the more common one. We have this oxygen here, instead of this double bond. Instead of calling it just 1-pentene, we call it 1-pentene oxide.

Just like that. So both of these are the names for the same exact molecule.

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Alcohol and thiol groups are important functional groups for applications ranging from enzyme reactions to making flexible contact lenses. We will be reviewing naming oxygen and sulfur containing compounds. Then we will be ready to learn about some reactions that involve alcohols, ethers, epoxides, thiols, and sulfides as both reactants and products. This course contains 8 segments: Alcohol nomenclature and properties It can clean a wound or kill your liver.

Some religions ban it, others use it in their sacred rites. In this tutorial, Sal and Jay name molecules containing alcohol groups and discuss their properties. Synthesis of alcohols In this tutorial, Jay shows how to synthesize alcohols using sodium borohydride, lithium aluminum hydride, and grignard reagents.

This is called an epoxide. And this, unlike most ethers, is very reactive. Another way you could think about it, it's very unstable. This is very reactive. Sometimes people consider these separate from ethers. The reason why they're very reactive, is this three member ring right here. There's a lot of strain on these bonds. These electrons, these bonds don't like to be that close to each other. If you actually tried to make it with an actual model set with molecules, you would have trouble making it bend enough to actually make this bond.

So this is highly, highly, highly unstable. There's actually an alternate way to name epoxides. The alternate way, so this is a completely legitimate way. You could name it just like an ether with a ring. This is 1,2-epoxypentane. But the alternate way is to pretend like you had a double bond here. That instead of this oxygen here, you had a double bond. If you had a double bond here, this thing would be called, depending how you want to name it, it could be called 1-pentene.

That's if there was not this oxygen here, but if there was a double bond here. This is the 1 carbon. So, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This is what 1-petene looks like. We've learned that many, many, many videos ago. Sometimes it's called pentene, depending on which convention. This is the more common one. We have this oxygen here, instead of this double bond. Instead of calling it just 1-pentene, we call it 1-pentene oxide.

Just like that. So both of these are the names for the same exact molecule. This makes it clear that it's an epoxide. That's kind of the special ether that is more reactive. This is just the general way that we name any type of cyclic ether. So let's just do one more just to make the point clear.

Let's have a cycle branching off of a cycle. Let's have an epoxide off of another ring. Just to make the point clear. These aren't too hard to name. But the first time you seen them, a little daunting. Let's say we have a cyclohexane ring right here.

So this is cyclohexane. But let's say we have a little epoxy branching off of it, just like this. We have that going on. If we wanted to make it clear that this is an epoxide, we would essentially pretend. First pretend that this is just a double bond. If this was just a double bond, this would be cyclohexene. If this oxygen wasn't there, and instead we just had a double bond here. You actually don't have to specify the number when you only have one double bonded cyclohexene.

Because it could have been anywhere, and it would have essentially been the same molecule. But since we have this oxygen here, instead of a double bond that's bonding to both of these carbons, we call this cyclohexene oxide. This part, right here, makes us name this cyclohexene oxide.

Or if we wanted to just name this as a traditional ether, we would just name this cyclohexane and put the epoxy in front of it. Either of these are valid. Once again, you don't have to number it. Because you could call it, 1,2-epoxycyclohexane, if you made this the 1 or the 2 carbon.

But you know it's going to be on adjacent carbons. And it could have really been on any of these two.