Treating crypto in calves

There is only mild dehydration but the calf rapidly looses condition over days and has a dull tucked-up appearance. There is a reluctance to suck and examination of the beef cow often reveals a full udder. Mortality may result where calves are not given oral fluids to help overcome dehydration. Debilitated calf with cryptosporidiosis. Diagnosis is based upon demonstration of Cryptosporidia spp oocysts on faecal smear after Giemsa stain; however, other enteropathogens may be involved in causing the diarrhoea such as rotavirus; mixed infections are common.

Identification of organism in stained gut sections of post mortem material is the preferred method of confirming the role of cryptospiridia. In uncomplicated cases ensure that the calf is properly hydrated by using oral electrolyte solutions as necessary which may amount to two litres adminisitered every hours. Halofuginone lactate is licensed for both the prevention and treatment of diarrhoea caused by C. For prevention of diarrhoea, calves should be dosed for seven consecutive days starting within one to two days of birth.

For treatment, calves should be dosed for seven consecutive days starting within one day of the onset of diarrhoea. Once several calves have been diagnosed and treated for cryptosporidiosis, all subsequent calves should receive prophylactic treatment with halofuginone. There is no vaccine currently available. Halofuginone lactate has a low toxicity index and the data sheet instructions must be carefully followed such as using a syringe to accurately dose calves.

The disease is difficult to control. Calves should be born in a clean environment and fed three litres of colostrum within the first six hours. Reducing the number of oocysts ingested may reduce the severity of infection and allow immunity to develop. In dairy herds, calves should be kept separate for at least the first two weeks of life with strict hygiene at feeding. Great care must be taken to avoid mechanical transmission of infection in the calf house.

All calves should be isolated from healthy calves during the course of the diarrhea and for several days after recovery. C parvum is also a common enteric infection in young lambs and goats. Diarrhea can result from a monoinfection but more commonly is associated with mixed infections.

Infection can be associated with severe outbreaks of diarrhea, with high case fatality rates in lambs 4—10 days old and in goat kids 5—21 days old. Cryptosporidial infection has been seen in pigs from 1 week old through market age, a wider age range than in ruminants. Most infections are asymptomatic, and the organism does not appear to be an important enteric pathogen in pigs, although it may contribute to post-weaning malabsorptive diarrhea.

Cryptosporidial infection in foals appears less prevalent and is seen at a later age than in ruminants, with excretion rates peaking at 5—8 weeks old. Infection is not usually detected in yearlings or adults. Most studies indicate that cryptosporidiosis is not common in foals; infections in immunocompetent foals are usually subclinical. Persistent clinical infections are seen in Arabian foals with inherited combined immunodeficiency. Cryptosporidiosis is also recorded in young deer and can be a cause of diarrhea in artificially reared orphans.

Transmission of Cryptosporidiosis in Animals The source of cryptosporidial infection is oocysts that are fully sporulated and infective when excreted in the feces. Large numbers are excreted during the patent period, resulting in heavy environmental contamination. Transmission may occur directly from calf to calf, indirectly via fomite or human transmission, from contamination in the environment, or by fecal contamination of the feed or water supply.

A periparturient rise in the excretion of oocysts may occur in ewes. C parvum is not host-specific, and infection from other species eg, rodents, farm cats via contamination of feed is also possible. Oocysts are resistant to most disinfectants and can survive for several months in cool and moist conditions. Infectivity in calf feces is reduced after 1—4 days of drying.

Concurrent infections with other enteric pathogens, especially rotavirus and coronavirus, are common, and epidemiologic studies suggest that diarrhea is more severe in mixed infections. Immunocompromised animals are more susceptible to clinical disease than immunocompetent animals, but the relationship between disease and failure of passive transfer of colostral immunoglobulins is not clear.

Age-related resistance, unrelated to prior exposure, is seen in lambs but not calves. Infection results in production of parasite-specific antibody, but both cell-mediated and humoral antibody are important in protection, as well as local antibody in the gut of neonates. Case fatality rates in cryptosporidiosis are generally low unless the condition is complicated by other factors eg, concurrent infections, energy deficits from inadequate intake of colostrum and milk, chilling from adverse weather conditions.

Pathogenesis of Cryptosporidiosis in Animals The life cycle of Cryptosporidium consists of six major developmental events. After ingestion of the oocyst, there is excystation release of infective sporozoites , merogony asexual multiplication , gametogony gamete formation , fertilization, oocyst wall formation, and sporogony sporozoite formation. Oocysts of Cryptosporidium spp can sporulate within host cells and are infective when passed in the feces.

In natural and experimentally produced cases in calves, cryptosporidia are most numerous in the lower part of the small intestine and less common in the cecum and colon. Prepatent periods are 2—7 days in calves and 2—5 days in lambs.

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They are very infectious, with only 10 oocytes required to cause disease in susceptible calves. Considering an infected calf can spread billions of eggs, it is easy to see why the disease spreads so quickly on farm. What are the symptoms?

Symptoms include diarrhoea, dehydration, loss of appetite, fever and abdominal pain. It is not only young calves with clinical signs of the disease, such as diarrhoea, that are shedding these oocytes into the environment. Infected calves at six to seven weeks of age may show no clinical signs of infection, even though they can still produce oocytes. Adult cattle can also act as potential reservoirs for the C parvum parasite.

They can also shed oocytes, but do not necessarily show any symptoms of the disease. How can you treat cryptosporidiosis? Currently there is no vaccine available and treatment options are limited. It is important that calves suffering from the disease are isolated and remain so for at least one week after the scouring has stopped. This should prevent the spread of eggs to other animals. Cryptosporidiosis is an intestinal infection which can cause severe scours and high calf mortality rates.

Calves become infected when they ingest the micro-organism Cryptosporidium parvum — a type of parasitic protozoan. At peak shedding, there may be as many as 10 million oocysts per gram of faeces, yet, it takes as few as 10 of these to cause the disease in young, susceptible calves. What are the clinical signs? Symptoms vary enormously from mild diarrhoea to severe, watery scours and eventually death.

Typically, the disease occurs in calves under six weeks old with clinical signs appearing between seven to days-old. As well as scours, calves will rapidly become dehydrated and then show, ill-thrift, loss of appetite and reduced growth rates. How can you get a correct diagnosis? Scour kits are available, but some can be limited in their scope so it is preferable to send samples for a lab test and discuss the appropriate action with a vet.

Can you vaccinate against it? How can you treat it? The main thing to remember is scouring calves are prone to dehydration. The scouring calf must have lots of fresh, clean water available. A further product, Halocur, is available but there are strict guidelines governing its safe use. It is licensed for use in calves with diarrhoea and will reduce symptoms, but it is not a cure.

Manufacturers, MSD Animal Health stress it is important to ensure the calf is fully hydrated and bright before use. If it is scouring, dehydrated and appears ill it can make the calf sicker and its use should be suspended. How can you prevent it? The key areas: The environment and pathogen reduction Keep the environment clean by offering plenty of fresh straw to reduce moisture and fresh air.

Adhere to stringent cleaning and disinfectant programmes in between batches to reduce oocysts. Keep age groups apart because older animals can be infected and shedding the pathogen without showing clinical signs.