Spring investing and casting ppta

Christine Lagarde, president of the European Central Bank ECB , has stated that climate change policies will be crucial to her mandate. There are three possible motivations for the engagement by central banks. The first is the set of risks to financial stability potentially brought about by natural disasters.

This is particularly the case for financial sectors such as banks and insurance companies. Source: Bolton et al, The green swan - central banking and financial stability in the age of climate change, BIS, Jan. Such physical risks include potential direct losses, and indirect impact on global value chains and repair costs.

There are also financial risks arising from climate change mitigation strategies that may Spring Issue Chart 3: Channels and spillovers for materialisation of physical and transition. The move to a low-carbon economy will change the allocation of resources, technologies in use, and the construction of infrastructure. The strategies adopted will have consequences on the value of company assets, from carbon taxes to options to accelerate the transition to renewable energy.

Chart 3 provides a snapshot of associated financial risks. It is worth noting that risks associated with climate change also bring opportunities. According to estimates of growth models indicated by the IIF, a transition to a low-carbon economy could eliminate climate damage equivalent to nearly two percent of the GDP of G20 countries by In addition to financial risks and stability, another concern is impact on economic growth, inflation and on monetary policy decisions. Climate change therefore falls under the remit of central banks, regulators and supervisors who are responsible for monitoring and maintaining financial stability.

To fulfil our core responsibilities, it will be important for the Federal Reserve to study the implications of climate change … and to adapt our work accordingly. Black swans refer to unexpected events, with low probability but heavy impact, only after they happen.

By their nature, they do not fit the analysis of normal and known conditions. It is about using their balance sheets to favour its mitigation, giving special treatment to green bonds in its asset acquisition programmes. Regardless of the extent to which individual central banks incorporate the three prongs of motivation, they can no longer ignore the issue of climate change.

As noted in the book CFI. He is a former vice-president and a former executive director at the World Bank, a former executive director at the International Monetary Fund, and a former vice-president at the Inter-American Development Bank. Otaviano has been a regular columnist for CFI. Follow him on Twitter: ocanuto 15 CFI. But I argued that financial crises, at least, are more like hurricanes: they are the predictable result of built-up economic and financial vulnerabilities and policy mistakes.

Any of them could trigger severe economic, financial, political, and geopolitical disturbances unlike anything since the crisis. For starters, the United States is locked in an escalating strategic rivalry with at least four implicitly aligned revisionist powers: China, Russia, Iran, and North Korea. These countries all have an interest in challenging the US-led global order, and could be a critical year for them, owing to the US presidential election and the potential change in US global policies that could follow.

Under President Donald Trump, the US is trying to contain or even trigger regime change in these four countries through economic sanctions and other means. Similarly, the four revisionists want to undercut American hard and soft power abroad by destabilising the US from within through asymmetric warfare. A breakdown of the US political system would weaken American power abroad.

Moreover, some countries have a particular interest in removing Trump. War between US and Iran is likely this year; the current calm is the one before the proverbial storm. The bilateral cold war over technology, data, investment, currency, and finance is already escalating sharply. Although the Sino-American cold war is by definition a low-intensity conflict, a sharp escalation is likely this year. Regardless of whether China has only itself to blame for some of these crises, the view in Beijing is veering toward the conspiratorial.

But open aggression is not really an option at this point, given the asymmetry of conventional power. There are several obvious targets. Chinese hackers and their Russian, North Korean, and Iranian counterparts could interfere in the US election by flooding Americans with misinformation and deep fakes. With the US electorate already so polarised, it is not difficult to imagine armed partisans taking to the streets to challenge the results, leading to serious violence and chaos.

And security officials have expressed similar concerns about the US, where an even wider range of telecommunication infrastructure is potentially vulnerable. By next year, the US-China conflict could have escalated from a cold war to a nearhot one. A Chinese regime and economy severely damaged by the COVID crisis and facing restless masses will need an external scapegoat, and will likely set its sights on Taiwan, Hong Kong, Vietnam, and US naval positions in the East and South China Seas; confrontation could creep into escalating military accidents.

But China could diversify its reserves by converting them into another liquid asset that is less vulnerable to US primary or secondary sanctions, namely gold. In a sell-off scenario, the capital gains on gold would compensate for any loss incurred from dumping US Treasuries, whose yields would spike as their market price and value fell.

But if this diversification strategy accelerates, as is likely, it could trigger a shock in the US Treasuries market, possibly leading to a sharp economic slowdown in the US. The US, of course, will not sit idly by while coming under asymmetric attack.

It has already been increasing the pressure on these countries with sanctions and other forms of trade and financial warfare, not to mention its own worldbeating cyberwarfare capabilities. US cyberattacks against the four rivals will continue to intensify this year, raising the risk of the first-ever cyber world war and massive economic, financial, and political disorder. Looking beyond the risk of severe geopolitical escalations in , there are additional medium-term risks associated with climate change, which could trigger costly environmental disasters.

Climate change is not just a lumbering giant that will cause economic and financial havoc decades from now. It is a threat in the here and now, as demonstrated by the growing frequency and severity of extreme weather events. In addition to climate change, there is evidence that separate, deeper seismic events are underway, leading to rapid global movements in magnetic polarity and accelerating ocean currents..

We already know that underwater volcanic activity is increasing; what if that trend translates into rapid marine acidification and the depletion of global fish stocks upon which billions of people rely? As of early , this is where we stand: the US and Iran have already had a military confrontation that will likely soon escalate; China is in the grip of a viral outbreak that could become a global pandemic; cyberwarfare is ongoing; major holders of US Treasuries are pursuing diversification strategies; the Democratic presidential primary is exposing rifts in the opposition to Trump and already casting doubt on vote-counting processes; rivalries between the US and four revisionist powers are escalating; and the real-world costs of climate change and other environmental trends are mounting.

This list is hardly exhaustive, but it points to what one can reasonably expect for Financial markets, meanwhile, remain blissfully in denial of the risks, convinced that a calm if not happy year awaits major economies and global markets. His website is NourielRoubini. Decision-makers should think of these trends as waves, which, especially if they occur simultaneously, could feel like a tsunami for those who fail to adapt their thinking and practices in a timely manner.

The mobilisation of various concerned segments of society, owing partly to unusual climatic disruptions in recent years, has greatly increased the pressure on companies to act now. It is only a matter of time until this pressure also prompts governments to take further steps, not only to encourage green activities, but also to tax and regulate those that cause pollution.

Second, privacy concerns have grown alongside technical innovations involving artificial intelligence and big data. Spring Issue The third secular force involves disruptions to the multi-decade process of economic and financial globalisation.

But deglobalisation has been turbocharged by the outbreak of the deadly COVID virus, which has disrupted the flow of goods and services in China and beyond. These challenges to globalisation have opened the door for governments to weaponise economic tools to meet objectives that transcend economics, such as national security. This, in turn, is calling into question conventional wisdom about crossborder supply chains, just-in-time inventory management, and reliance on external demand to boost domestic growth.

Furthermore, job loyalty and tenure are decreasing, while expectations of comprehensive job fulfillment and engagement are rising. Self-mobilisation for political and other causes, often with no visible leadership structure, has become a lot easier, yet often is less durable and raises tricky questions about what comes afterward.

And all of this is taking place amid the continued migration of an ever-expanding range of interactions from physical to virtual spaces. Society is increasingly recognising that recent technological advances allow not only for more efficient compilation of huge amounts of personal data, but also for using this information to monitor and alter behaviors.

Broadly speaking, data are controlled and exploited either by governments particularly in China , Big Tech companies as in the United States , or more by users as in Europe. But none of these three general operating paradigms seems to provide sufficient comfort and assurance to most people. Each of these secular forces will have an important impact on the effectiveness and success of companies and governments alike. Holes at the top and bottom are cast-in and sized as ready-to-tap.

Duck bill for White Cap, L. MaterialL stainless steel. To accommodate the thin sections of the component, the foundry designed a unique gating and tooling system that uses wedge gates and gating into the top of the component to ensure against porosity. Fan Frame Hub Material: Titanium.

Casting Supplier: Precision Castparts Corp. PCC , Portland, Oregon. Conversion to a metal casting allowed GE to include several unique details including bosses, flanges and a 2-in. Racing car upright Material: Titanium Casting Supplier: Coastcast Corp. The cast titanium provided the same strength—but at a reduced weight—as PH steel the other material considered.

Housing actuator for an engine for Hamilton Sundstrand. Material: A aluminum alloy. Casting Supplier: Cabiran, Ltd. This casting exhibits mechanical properties at room temperature of ksi tensile strength, ksi yield strength and 1. The component's as-cast surface finish meets the customer's requirements, and the invest casting process reduced the customer's finishing and machining costs.

Molds are typically arranged in two halves - the sand cores being put into place before the two halves are placed together. The molten metal flows into the mold cavity and surrounds the sand core while filling the mold cavity. When the casting is removed from the mold the sand core is removed from the casting leaving an internal passage in the casting.

Semi-permanent molding affords a very high precision quality to the casting at a reduced price compared to the sand casting processes. Process:Semi-permanentmold casting. Casting Supplier: Eck Industries,Inc.

Bucket chain link for a conveyor system Material:C nickel aluminum bronze. Process:Permanent mold casting. The cast component l exhibits good corrosion resistance. Manual Trip Material:Copper aluminum bronze alloy. Process: Permanent mold casting. By casting in the pin, the foundry reduced the component's cost by eliminating the reaming and pressing operations. The foundry's alloy provides the necessary corrosion resistance to the component, thus eliminating the zinc-chromate coating previously required.

A basic spin casting machine works like this: A two-part high-temperature silicone rubber mold is clamped between pressure plates on the spin casting machine. The spin casting machine rotates the mold at high speed, similar to a washing machine on the spin cycle.

While the mold rotates, molten metal or fast-setting plastic resin is poured into a central funnel that feeds into the mold. Centrifugal force carries the metal or plastic into the far reaches of the mold. Because the centrifugal force acts to increase the pressure on the casting material, castings with relatively thin parts can be made 35 A mold for a spin casting machine is often designed to make a dozen or so identical parts at one time, with the mold cavity for each part equally spaced around the disk of the rubber mold.

The typical metal used in this type of spin casting machine is known as "white metal" or "pot metal" and is usually an alloy of zinc. Other types of small spin casting machines are used by jewelry makers, usually to cast small amounts of precious metals, and not using rubber molds. You can make all the same sorts of small metal or plastic objects as listed at right. Can you make your own spin casting machine? A spin casting machine could be home made, because it is a relatively simple device, and most of the early machines could be considered "shop built".

But newer machines have much better production features and safety features, and if you are serious about producing large quantities of small metal parts, a ready-made spin casting machine would be the best investment. Plus, most spin casting equipment is sold with complete training and the equipment for all phases of spin casting production, including the necessary moldmaking and metal melting equipment. Material: Zamak 3. Process: Diecasting. The die cast component combined two levers for 2- and 3-in.

Instrument panel frame for the Cadillac DeVille. Material: AZ91 magnesium alloy. The design also allows more flexibility for future vehicle platform changes. The foundry assembles the frame before delivery to the end-user for installation.

Material: ZA-8 zinc alloy. Sand is mixed with a urethane binder and deposited into a box containing the pattern and all necessary formers and inserts for pouring. The cast component l exhibits good corrosion resistance without plating or painting , 50 ksi yield strength and 95 ksi tensile strength.

Suspension crossmember Material:B aluminum alloy. Bracket for a piston cooling system Material aluminum bronze. Process:Permanentmold casting. Casting Supplier: Aurora Metals, L. Hiler Industries , Montgomery, Illinois.

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Silica exists in at least four polymorphs: quartz, tridymite, cristobalite, and fused quartz. When quartz, tridymite, or cristobalite is heated, a change in crystalline form occurs at transition temperatures characteristic of each polymorph of silica Figure This crystalline transition is called an inversion. In powdered form, the inversions occur over a temperature range rather than instantaneously at a specific temperature.

By the quantity of thermal expansion shown in Figure , quartz and cristobalite are of particular dental interest. In addition to silica, certain modifying agents, coloring matter, and reducing agents, such as carbon and powdered copper, are present. The reducing agents are used to provide a nonoxidizing atmosphere in the mold when a gold alloy is cast. In some instances, the modifiers are needed to regulate the setting time and setting expansion, as described for the dental stones.

Setting Expansion Typically, the setting expansion of these investments is controlled by retarders and accelerators for the gypsum. The exothermic heat of gypsum setting can result in expansion of the wax pattern before the investment sets, influencing the effective setting expansion. The expansion of the investment may cause distortion of the wax pattern.

Consider a mesio-occulso-distal MOD restoration as an example; the investment inside of MOD can force the proximal walls of the wax pattern outward as it sets. If the pattern has a thin wall, the effective setting expansion is somewhat greater than that for a pattern with thicker walls because the investment can move the thinner wall more readily.

Also, the softer the wax, the greater the effective setting expansion because the softer wax is more readily deformed by the expanding investment. If a softer wax is used, the setting expansion may cause excessive distortion of the pattern. Hygroscopic Setting Expansion As illustrated in Figure , the hygroscopic setting expansion may be six or more times greater than the normal setting expansion of a dental investment.

If greater expansion is needed, there are many factors in the control of hygroscopic expansion. A, Normal setting expansion of dental investment. B, Hygroscopic setting expansion. The magnitude of hygroscopic setting expansion is generally proportional to the silica content of the investment, which becomes greater with a finer size of silica.

Filler plays no role in hygroscopic expansion; it is the interface between filler and gypsum that allows added water to diffuse through the setting material and increased expansion. As the mixing time is reduced, the hygroscopic expansion is decreased. The older the investment, the lower is its hygroscopic expansion. The greatest amount of hygroscopic setting expansion is observed if the immersion takes place before the initial set.

The longer the immersion of the investment in the water bath is delayed beyond the time of the initial set of the investment, the lower the hygroscopic expansion. Thermal Expansion The effect of cristobalite compared with that of quartz is demonstrated in Figure Because of the much greater expansion that occurs during the inversion of cristobalite, the normal contraction of gypsum during heating is readily eliminated. Furthermore, the expansion occurs at a lower temperature because of the lower inversion temperature of the cristobalite in comparison with that of quartz.

The thermal expansion curves of an investment provide some idea of the polymorph of the silica that is present. As can be seen from Figure , the investments containing cristobalite expand earlier and to a greater extent than those containing quartz. Most current investments are likely to contain both quartz and cristobalite.

Courtesy Dr. George Paffenbarger. The magnitude of thermal expansion is related to the amount of solids present. This effect is demonstrated by the curves shown in Figure The same figure also shows that it is imperative to measure the water and powder accurately for proper compensation. The addition of small amounts of sodium, potassium, or lithium chlorides to the investment eliminates the contraction caused by gypsum and increases the expansion without the need for an excessive amount of silica.

Strength The strength of an investment is usually measured under compressive stress and is increased according to the amount and type of gypsum binder present. The use of chemical modifiers increases the strength because more of the binder can be used without a marked reduction in thermal expansion.

After the investment has cooled to room temperature, its strength decreases considerably, presumably because of fine cracks that form during cooling. Although a certain minimal strength is necessary to prevent fracture of the investment mold during casting, the compressive strength should not be unduly high.

When the alloy is still hot and weak, the investment can resist alloy shrinkage by virtue of its strength and constant dimensions. This can cause distortion and even fracture of the casting if the hot strength of the alloy is low. Porosity of Set Investment As the molten metal enters the mold under pressure during casting, the trapped air must be forced out ahead of the inflowing metal.

If the air is not completely expelled, a back pressure builds up to prevent the molten alloy from completely filling the mold. The simplest method for venting the mold is through the pores of the investment. Thus it is important that the end of a wax pattern that is nearest to the end of the investment ring not be covered by more than 6 mm of investment to allow sufficient interconnectivity of the porous network for the escape of gas from the mold cavity during filling of the mold with molten metal.

Storage Gypsum-based investments should be stored in airtight and moisture-proof containers. During use, the containers should be opened for as short a time as possible. All investments are composed of several ingredients, each of which possesses a different density.

There is a tendency for the components of the investment to separate as they settle, according to their specific gravity. It is advisable to purchase prepackaged investments in relatively small quantities if investments are needed on an infrequent basis. The investment supplied in bulk packages should be weighed, and the water should be measured according to the proportion of the investment mix. In this manner, one can control the setting or the thermal expansion in relation to the compensation needed for the casting shrinkage and other important properties.

One need only measure the gauging water. One should be aware of slight variations in the weight of premeasured packets of powder. The quality control of investment products is related not only to the homogeneity of particulate components but also to variations in the weight of powder in the packets. Phosphate-Bonded Investment The use of alloys with higher melting temperature ranges, such as those for metal-ceramic restorations, usually leads to greater thermal contraction after solidification.

This necessitates an investment material that is more heat resistant with greater expansion. Phosphate-based investments are designed primarily for alloys used to produce copings or frameworks for metal-ceramic prostheses and some base-metal alloys Chapter 9, Manipulation of Base Metal Alloys. Composition Phosphate-based investments contain refractory fillers and a binder. Expendable mold casting Sand Casting Plaster Casting shell Casting investment Casting Nonexpendable mold casting Permanent centrifugal continuous casting.

It is generally more expensive per unit than die casting or sand casting but with lower equipment cost. It can produce complicated shapes that would be difficult or impossible with die casting, yet like that process, it requires little surface finishing and only minor machining. Mold making : A mold, known as the master die, is made of the master pattern. The master pattern may be made from a low-melting-point metal, steel or wood. If a steel pattern was created then a low-melting-point metal may be cast directly from the master pattern.

Wax patterns may be produced in one of two ways. In one process the wax is poured into the mold and swished around until an even coating, usually about 3 mm 0. This is repeated until the desired thickness is reached. Another method is filling the entire mold with molten wax, and let it cool, until a desired thickness has set on the surface of the mold. Assemble the wax patterns: The wax pattern is then removed from the mold. In the first case the multiple patterns are attached to a wax sprue, with the result known as a pattern cluster, or tree; as many as several hundred patterns may be assembled into a tree.

The wax patterns are attached to the sprue or each other by means of a heated metal tool. The wax pattern may also be chased, which means the parting line or flashing are rubbed out using the heated metal tool. Finally it is dressed, which means any other imperfections are addressed so that the wax now looks like the finished piece. The first step involves dipping the cluster into a slurry of fine refractory material and then letting any excess drain off, so a uniform surface is produced.

This fine material is used first to give a smooth surface finish and reproduce fine details. In the second step, the cluster is stuccoed with a coarse ceramic particle, by dipping it into a fluidised bed, placing it in a rain sander, or by applying by hand. Finally, the coating is allowed to harden. These steps are repeated until the investment is the required thickness, which is usually 5 to 15 mm 0. An alternative to multiple dips is to place the cluster upside-down in aflask and then liquid investment material is poured into the flask.

The flask is then vibrated to allow entrapped air to escape and help the investment material fill in all of the details. Drying can be enhanced by applying a vacuum or minimizing the environmental humidity. In order to minimize these stresses the wax is heated as rapidly as possible so that the surface of the wax can melt into the surface of the investment or run out of the mold, which makes room for the rest of the wax to expand.

Sometimes this heating is also as the preheat,but other times the mold is allowed to cool so that it can be tested.

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Hygroscopic Setting Expansion As illustrated in Figure , the hygroscopic setting expansion may be six or more times greater than the normal setting expansion of a dental investment. If greater expansion is needed, there are many factors in the control of hygroscopic expansion. A, Normal setting expansion of dental investment.

B, Hygroscopic setting expansion. The magnitude of hygroscopic setting expansion is generally proportional to the silica content of the investment, which becomes greater with a finer size of silica. Filler plays no role in hygroscopic expansion; it is the interface between filler and gypsum that allows added water to diffuse through the setting material and increased expansion.

As the mixing time is reduced, the hygroscopic expansion is decreased. The older the investment, the lower is its hygroscopic expansion. The greatest amount of hygroscopic setting expansion is observed if the immersion takes place before the initial set. The longer the immersion of the investment in the water bath is delayed beyond the time of the initial set of the investment, the lower the hygroscopic expansion.

Thermal Expansion The effect of cristobalite compared with that of quartz is demonstrated in Figure Because of the much greater expansion that occurs during the inversion of cristobalite, the normal contraction of gypsum during heating is readily eliminated. Furthermore, the expansion occurs at a lower temperature because of the lower inversion temperature of the cristobalite in comparison with that of quartz. The thermal expansion curves of an investment provide some idea of the polymorph of the silica that is present.

As can be seen from Figure , the investments containing cristobalite expand earlier and to a greater extent than those containing quartz. Most current investments are likely to contain both quartz and cristobalite. Courtesy Dr. George Paffenbarger. The magnitude of thermal expansion is related to the amount of solids present.

This effect is demonstrated by the curves shown in Figure The same figure also shows that it is imperative to measure the water and powder accurately for proper compensation. The addition of small amounts of sodium, potassium, or lithium chlorides to the investment eliminates the contraction caused by gypsum and increases the expansion without the need for an excessive amount of silica.

Strength The strength of an investment is usually measured under compressive stress and is increased according to the amount and type of gypsum binder present. The use of chemical modifiers increases the strength because more of the binder can be used without a marked reduction in thermal expansion.

After the investment has cooled to room temperature, its strength decreases considerably, presumably because of fine cracks that form during cooling. Although a certain minimal strength is necessary to prevent fracture of the investment mold during casting, the compressive strength should not be unduly high.

When the alloy is still hot and weak, the investment can resist alloy shrinkage by virtue of its strength and constant dimensions. This can cause distortion and even fracture of the casting if the hot strength of the alloy is low. Porosity of Set Investment As the molten metal enters the mold under pressure during casting, the trapped air must be forced out ahead of the inflowing metal.

If the air is not completely expelled, a back pressure builds up to prevent the molten alloy from completely filling the mold. The simplest method for venting the mold is through the pores of the investment. Thus it is important that the end of a wax pattern that is nearest to the end of the investment ring not be covered by more than 6 mm of investment to allow sufficient interconnectivity of the porous network for the escape of gas from the mold cavity during filling of the mold with molten metal.

Storage Gypsum-based investments should be stored in airtight and moisture-proof containers. During use, the containers should be opened for as short a time as possible. All investments are composed of several ingredients, each of which possesses a different density. There is a tendency for the components of the investment to separate as they settle, according to their specific gravity.

It is advisable to purchase prepackaged investments in relatively small quantities if investments are needed on an infrequent basis. The investment supplied in bulk packages should be weighed, and the water should be measured according to the proportion of the investment mix. In this manner, one can control the setting or the thermal expansion in relation to the compensation needed for the casting shrinkage and other important properties.

One need only measure the gauging water. One should be aware of slight variations in the weight of premeasured packets of powder. The quality control of investment products is related not only to the homogeneity of particulate components but also to variations in the weight of powder in the packets. Phosphate-Bonded Investment The use of alloys with higher melting temperature ranges, such as those for metal-ceramic restorations, usually leads to greater thermal contraction after solidification.

This necessitates an investment material that is more heat resistant with greater expansion. Phosphate-based investments are designed primarily for alloys used to produce copings or frameworks for metal-ceramic prostheses and some base-metal alloys Chapter 9, Manipulation of Base Metal Alloys.

Composition Phosphate-based investments contain refractory fillers and a binder. The particle size varies from submicron to that of a fine sand. The binder consists of magnesium oxide basic and monoammonium phosphate acidic. A colloidal silica suspension in place of water is used for mixing phosphate investments. On heating, the binder of the set investment undergoes thermal reactions that appear to be the decomposition of NH 4 MgPO 4.

As the temperature increases, the noncrystalline phase begins to crystalize. The resulting reaction products of phosphate-bonded investments are crystalline Mg 2 P 2 O 7 , excess MgO, and essentially unchanged silicas. Setting and Thermal Expansion The setting reaction yields a slight expansion, which can be increased considerably by using a colloidal silica solution special liquid instead of water. Figure shows the effect of the concentration of colloidal silica in aqueous suspension on the setting and thermal expansion.

Figure shows the thermal expansion of a typical phosphate investment mixed with water compared with the same investment mixed with its accompanying special liquid. The early thermal shrinkage of phosphate investments is associated with decomposition of the binder, magnesium ammonium phosphate, and is accompanied by the evolution of ammonia, which is readily apparent by its odor. Working and Setting Time The working and setting time of phosphate investments are affected by temperature.

The warmer the mix, the faster it sets. Increased mixing time and mixing efficiency result in a faster set and a greater rise in temperature. The ideal technique is to mix as long as possible yet have just enough time for investing. Mechanical mixing under vacuum is preferred. From here you can view the performance or your portfolio, asset allocation, portfolio holdings, transaction data and geographical exposure to name a few. Are Spring regulated? Will I be charged a fee for withdrawals or transferring out my account?

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