Non investing amplifier using op amp 741 pins

Op-amp is mainly used to perform mathematical operations in various electronic circuits. It is the common feature of analog electronics. The differential op-amps comprises of a matched pair of FETs or bipolar junction transistors. It consists of 8 pins where each pin having some functionality which is discussed in the following. Pin 2 is Inverting input terminal. Pin 3 is a non-inverting input terminal. Pin 4 is negative voltage supply VCC Pin 5 is offset null.

Pin 6 is the output voltage. The op-amp is used in two ways such as an inverting and a noninverting An Inverting Amplifier In an op amp IC pin2 is the input pin and pin6 is the output pin. When the voltage is applied through the pin2 then the output comes from the output pin 6.

If the polarity is positive at the input pin2, then the polarity which comes from the output pin6 is negative. So the output is always reverse to the input. When the voltage is applied through the pin3 then the output comes from the output pin 6. If the polarity is positive at the input pin3, then the polarity which comes from the output pin6 is also positive. So the output is not inverted. The circuit representation of IC is shown below, in this circuit op-amp is used as a comparator not an amplifier Even if used as a comparator the op-amp still notices weak signals so that they can be recognized more easily.

Output is low less than ohms. All these transistors and resistors are integrated into a single monolithic chip. The internal connections of these components are illustrated in the figure shown below. Here, inverting and non-inverting terminals are connected to transistors Q1 and Q2 respectively. The output of transistors Q1 and Q2 are connected to a couple of Q3 and Q4 transistors. The voltage fluctuation at the input of op-amp can impact current flow in the internal circuit and also impact the effective functional range of the transistor in the circuit.

To prevent from happening this, two current mirrors are used. The transistor pair Q8, Q9 and Q12, Q13 are connected in a way to form two mirror circuits. Transistors Q8 and Q12 are used as regulating transistors which sets the voltage level at the emitter-base EB junction for the corresponding pair of transistors. This voltage level can be regulated accurately to some decimal of millivolts in order to allow the required amount of current flow.

The first mirror circuit developed by Q8 and Q9 is coupled to the input circuit and the second mirror circuit developed by Q12 and Q13 is coupled to the output circuit. Also, the third mirror circuit developed by Q10and Q11 function as a high impedance connection between input and negative supply.

It provides the reference voltage showing no loading effect on the input circuit. The transistor Q16 along with resistors 4. This is done to prevent signal distortion at the output amplifier section. Transistors Q15, Q19, and Q22 are designed to function as class A amplifier, and the transistors Q14, Q17, and Q20 form the output stage of the operational amplifier IC Open Loop Configuration The simplest approach for implementing operational amplifier IC is to operate it on an open loop configuration.

The open loop configuration is in inverting and non-inverting modes. Inverting Operational Amplifier In inverting operational amplifier IC , Pin 2 and pin 6 are used as input and output pins. The input voltage is given through pin 2 and output is taken from pin 6 resulting in reversal polarity. When the input voltage is positive, the output will be negative and when the input voltage is negative, the output will be positive.

Hence the amplifier is named as inverting amplifier. The circuit diagram and Input Output waveform for inverting the operational amplifier are shown in the figure below. By adjusting the value of R1 and R2, desired amplification can be achieved. Non-inverting Operational Amplifier In the Non-inverting operational amplifier IC , Pin 3 and pin 6 are used as input and output pins.

The input voltage is given through pin 3 and output is taken from pin 6 retaining the same polarity as in input voltage. When the input voltage is positive, the output will be positive and when the input voltage is negative, the output will also be negative. Hence the amplifier is named a non-inverting amplifier.

The circuit diagram and Input Output waveform for inverting the operational amplifier is shown in the figure below. When the feedback resistor R2 is Zero, The gain comes out one and the operational amplifier behaves as a Voltage follower or unity gain buffer. Some of the important applications of op-amp IC are given below. It is used in various amplifiers like log and antilog amplifiers, differential amplifiers, etc. It is used to compute various mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, differentiation, integration, etc.

It is used in voltage comparators to compare voltage signals. It is used in oscillators to generate different waveforms like sinusoidal, square, triangular, etc.

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It also depends on the average value of the voltages on these two inputs or common mode voltage. In general, the CMRR in direct current DC varies between 70 and dB depending on the type of amplifier, but it decreases significantly with the increase of frequency.

Applications of the Op Amp Op Amp Inverting Amplifier This arrangement allows to amplify the signal at the input by the gain A and inverting it. The value by which we multiply the input voltage to obtain the output voltage is calculated by dividing the value of the resistor R2 by R1 with the sign — because the signal is inverted.

Inverting amplifier circuit using Op Amp Op Amp Non-Inverting Amplifier This arrangement allows to amplify a signal by the gain of the circuit. Non-inverting amplifier circuit using Op Amp Op Amp Voltage Follower The can be used to construct a voltage follower , also known as a buffer. In this arrangement, the value of the input signal follows that of the output signal.

At the output of the amplifier the voltage will be preserved but we will then have the current necessary to control the rest of the circuit. Voltage follower circuit using Op Amp Op Amp Inverting Summing Amplifier As its name indicates, the adder is a circuit whose output voltage is equal to the sum of the voltages applied to each of its inputs.

In this configuration, the summing amplifier will invert the signal as well as performing the adding function. Inverting summing amplifier circuit using Op Amp Op Amp Differential Amplifier or Voltage Subtractor This circuit allows to amplify the difference of two signals. It is used as a comparator between 2 voltages Vin1 and Vin2 and also as a regulator. A second order low-pass filter is characterized by its natural frequency often referred to as f0 and by the quality factor or Q factor which is defined as the ratio of the resonant frequency to the bandwidth.

Second order low-pass filter circuit using Op Amp Op Amp Second Order High-Pass Filter A high-pass filter is a filter that allows high frequencies to pass and attenuates low frequencies. It could also be called a low-cut filter. The high-pass filter is the inverse of the low-pass filter and these two filters combined form a bandpass filter which allows only a defined range of frequencies to pass.

Second order high-pass filter circuit using Op Amp Op Amp Non-linear applications Schmitt Trigger using the Op Amp The regenerative comparator, also called Schmitt Trigger, reconstitutes a hysteresis cycle. The -Vin terminal is used as reference, but this one varies according to the output to which it is connected by the voltage divider R1 and R2.

As the reference varies, we avoid an intermittent operation as the output switches from one state to the other in a less close way. A photoresistor is connected to pin 2 which is the inverting input of the operational amplifier, an LED is connected to the output pin pin 6 to indicate the absence or presence of light and a variable resistor that allows to adjust the circuit sensitivity is connected to pin 3. The way the circuit is connected it forms a light sensor.

In reality, it is widely dependent on the op-amp behavior and open-loop gain. Op-amp can also be used two add voltage input voltage as summing amplifier. Practical Example of Non-inverting Amplifier We will design a non-inverting op-amp circuit which will produce 3x voltage gain at the output comparing the input voltage. We will make a 2V input in the op-amp.

We will configure the op-amp in noninverting configuration with 3x gain capabilities. We selected the R1 resistor value as 1. R2 is the feedback resistor and the amplified output will be 3 times than the input. Voltage Follower or Unity Gain Amplifier As discussed before, if we make Rf or R2 as 0, that means there is no resistance in R2, and Resistor R1 is equal to infinity then the gain of the amplifier will be 1 or it will achieve the unity gain.

As there is no resistance in R2, the output is shorted with the negative or inverted input of the op-amp. As the gain is 1 or unity, this configuration is called as unity gain amplifier configuration or voltage follower or buffer. As we put the input signal across the positive input of the op-amp and the output signal is in phase with the input signal with a 1x gain, we get the same signal across amplifier output. Thus the output voltage is the same as the input voltage.

So, it will follow the input voltage and produce the same replica signal across its output. This is why it is called a voltage follower circuit. The input impedance of the op-amp is very high when a voltage follower or unity gain configuration is used.

Sometimes the input impedance is much higher than 1 Megohm. So, due to high input impedance, we can apply weak signals across the input and no current will flow in the input pin from the signal source to amplifier. On the other hand, the output impedance is very low, and it will produce the same signal input, in the output. In the above image voltage follower configuration is shown.

The output is directly connected across the negative terminal of the op-amp. The gain of this configuration is 1x. Due to high input impedance, the input current is 0, so the input power is also 0 as well. The voltage follower provides large power gain across its output. Due to this behavior, Voltage follower used as a buffer circuit. Also, buffer configuration provides good signal isolation factor.

Due to this feature, voltage follower circuit is used in Sallen-key type active filters where filter stages are isolated from each other using voltage follower op-amp configuration.